26个水稻新品种（系）对白叶枯病抗性的鉴定和评价

采用菲律宾10个代表菌株和我国V型菌代表菌株在植株的分蘖初期和孕穗期人工接种,鉴定和评价近年选育的26个“绿色超级稻”品种（系）对白叶枯病的抗性。结果表明多数品种在分蘖初期和孕穗期对病菌的抗感水平相同,少数品种接种在孕穗期接种部分菌株后的病斑长度小于苗期。此外,新黄占、华201S-1 和XF10450在分蘖初期和孕穗期接种10个菌株后的病斑长度均小于5cm,具有高度的广谱抗性;其它品种对不同菌株的抗性水平不同,黄华占、旱优113、新两优3411和天优145对4-5个菌株表现抗病,旱优75、旱优715和009067对测试的10-11个菌株高度感病;其它品系对所有菌株表现中度感病或感病。 关键词：水稻品种;白叶枯病;抗性     

基于Oracle数据库的水稻病虫综合防治专家系统

应用数据库、计算机网络和空间信息技术,研制出基于Oracle数据库的“水稻病虫综合防治专家系统RIPMES Ⅱ”。系统包括数据采集、数据维护专家决策和GIS应用等子系统,能解决实时数据采集、海量数据存贮与分析、病虫害防治辅助决策、虫害空间分布特征分析等问题,是水稻病虫害综合防治的一个有效工具,同时也可为类似的专家系统的研究提供参考。     

樟绒枝霉(Malbranchea cinnamomea)固体发酵产木聚糖酶的发酵条件优化

[目的] 研究樟绒枝霉(Malbranchea cinnamomea) CAU521利用农业废弃物固体发酵产木聚糖酶的发酵条件.[方法]采用单因素试验法优化影响菌株产酶的各个条件,包括碳源种类、氮源种类、初始pH、初始水分含量、培养温度及发酵时间共6个因素.[结果]获得的最佳产酶条件为:稻草为发酵碳源、2％(W/W)的酵母提取物为氮源、初始pH 7.0、初始水分含量80％和发酵温度45℃.在此条件下发酵6d后木聚糖酶的酶活力达到13 120 U/g干基碳源.[结论]樟绒枝霉固体发酵产木聚糖酶的产酶水平高,生产成本低,具有潜在的工业化应用前景.     

Microbial Dynamics and Diversity of Bacillus thuringiensis in Textile Effluent Polluted and Non-polluted Rice Field Soils of Orissa, India

Microbial diversity was assessed in the soils of non-polluted rice fields of Central Rice Research Institute and Choudwar, and textile effluent contaminated (about 30 years) rice fields of Choudwar about 4 years after cessation of pollution. The soils contained 0.62–1.01 % organic C and 0.07–0.12 % total N, and measured 6.18–8.24 pH and 0.6–2.68 mS/cm Eh which were more in the polluted Choudwar soil. The microbial populations (×10⁶ cfu/g soil) in the soils were: heterotrophs 1.21–10.9, spore formers 0.9–2.43, Gram (−)ve bacteria 4.11–8.0, nitrifiers 0.72–1.5, denitrifiers 0.72–2.43, phosphate solubilizers 0.14–0.9, asymbiotic nitrogen fixers 0.34–0.59, actinomycetes 0.07–0.11, fungi 0–0.5 and Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) 0.4–0.61 which predominated in the polluted soil of Choudwar. The fungi were scarce in the polluted rice fields. The Bt isolates belonged to three motile and one non-motile group. Two motile Bt isolates were phenotyped as Bt subsp. sotto and israelensis, whereas, the non-motile isolate was Bt subsp. wahuensis. All Bt isolates produced extracellular protease, lipase and amylase enzymes. The microbial guilds had positive correlation among themselves, as well as, with soil physico-chemical characters but the fungi had negative relation and the nitrogen fixers were unrelated with the biotic and abiotic components.     

Effect of Tillage and Water Management on the Population Behaviour of Root-Knot Nematodes Meloidogyne Triticoryzae in Rice Crop

The effects of puddling and water regimes on hydraulic conductivity (cm/day) of soil and on bulk density (mg/m 3 ) during rice culture, soil physical characteristics of the experimental field population densities of plant-parasitic nematodes have been studied. Puddling reduced the bulk density of soil and decreased the hydraulic conductivity in the upper layers but not in the deeper layers of soil aeration was reduced due to high moisture levels retained in the puddled soil. Population density of M. triticoryzae declined in puddled soil. The invasion of the roots by the second-generation infective juveniles was reduced. The population density of the root-knot nematodes was higher in the non-puddled soil especially in unsubmerged condition compared to puddled and submerged soil. However, if the seedlings were already infected before transplanting and submergence, the nematode could survive well and reproduce within the aerenchyma of the root.     

Fungitoxic Effects of Extracts of Azadirachta Indica against Cochliobolus Miyabeanus causing Brown Spot Disease of Rice

The oil extract from seeds of Azadirachta indica as well as water and ethanol leaf extracts of the plant were effective in reducing the radial growth of Cochliobolus miyabeanus in culture and in checking the spread of brown spot disease in rice. The oil extract was found to be the most effective, followed by ethanol leaf extract, in inhibiting the growth of the pathogen in vitro and in checking the development of the disease in vivo . Although the cold water extract from the plant leaf reduced the radial growth of the pathogen in culture, it failed to reduce the incidence and severity of the disease as effectively as the oil and ethanol extracts. The oil and ethanol extracts compared favourably with carbendazim (Bavistin) at 0.1% a.i and have the potential for control of brown spot disease of rice in the field.     

Genomics-based precision breeding approaches to improve drought tolerance in rice

Rice (Oryza sativa L.), the major staple food crop of the world, faces a severe threat from widespread drought. The development of drought-tolerant rice varieties is considered a feasible option to counteract drought stress. The screening of rice germplasm under drought and its characterization at the morphological, genetic, and molecular levels revealed the existence of genetic variation for drought tolerance within the rice gene pool. The improvements made in managed drought screening and selection for grain yield under drought have significantly contributed to progress in drought breeding programs. The availability of rice genome sequence information, genome-wide molecular markers, and low-cost genotyping platforms now makes it possible to routinely apply marker-assisted breeding approaches to improve grain yield under drought. Grain yield QTLs with a large and consistent effect under drought have been indentified and successfully pyramided in popular rice mega-varieties. Various rice functional genomics resources, databases, tools, and recent advances in “-omics” are facilitating the characterization of genes and pathways involved in drought tolerance, providing the basis for candidate gene identification and allele mining. The transgenic approach is successful in generating drought tolerance in rice under controlled conditions, but field-level testing is necessary. Genomics-assisted drought breeding approaches hold great promise, but a well-planned integration with standardized phenotyping is highly essential to exploit their full potential.     

水稻主茎节位分蘖及生产力补偿能力

本研究选用两个籼稻杂交品种西农优1号和冈优725,采用人工去蘖形成分蘖初期的早发、中发、迟发三个处理,在群体条件下研究分蘖和生产力的补偿能力。本研究发现,迟发处理高节位群的分蘖补偿能力最明显,但绝对补偿量小。迟发处理高节位群的生长势、有效分蘖倍数增加,抽穗期单茎叶面积有增加的趋势,但抽穗期有效穗数、叶面积系数降低;迟发处理冠层光分布增加,叶绿素、蛋白质含量提高,叶片细胞内保护酶类(Superoxide dismutase, SOD、catalase,CAT)活性下降慢,叶片衰老慢,但是漏光率增加,截光率下降;迟发处理净光合生产率（Net assimulation rate, NAR）增加,同化物分配合理,经济系数有增加的趋势,但物质积累速度（Crop growth rate ,CGR）和干物质生产量减少。在本实验条件下,早发与中发处理的经济产量差异不显著,但早发与迟发处理的经济产量差异达极显著。本研究结果表明大苗秧对生物、非生物因素胁迫,如本田前期一定程度的人工去蘖,具有一定的分蘖补偿能力。     

铅在不同基因型稻米中的富集

通过环境扫描电镜结合X射线电子探针显微分析技术,对21种不同基因型水稻颖壳内、外表面以及糙米表面、糊粉层、近糊粉层和米中部Pb含量的测定结果表明,21种不同基因型稻米不同部位Pb含量的变化范围由大到小的顺序为:颖壳内表面>糊粉层>近糊粉层>糙米表面>颖壳外表面>米中部;不同基因型稻米之间对Pb的富集量存在遗传差异,这种差异体现在稻米的同一部位和不同部位之间Pb含量的差异上;不同基因型水稻米中部Pb含量与颖壳内表面、糊粉层、近糊粉层、糙米表面、颖壳外表面之间、水稻糊粉层Pb含量与颖壳内表面、近糊粉层、糙米表面、颖壳外表面、米中部之间以及颖壳内表面Pb含量与颖壳外表面、糊粉层、近糊粉层、糙米表面、米中部之间均存在极显著或显著的非线性关系。一方面反映出不同基因型稻米中部Pb的富集量均通过颖壳和糊粉层调控,即存在相同的调控机制;另一方面揭示了不同基因型稻米不同部位之间对Pb富集的相互调控能力存在差异,并且基因型间的这种差异存在非线性的变化规律。     

Influence of spent brewer’s yeast β-glucan on gelatinization and retrogradation of rice starch

The effects of β-glucan (BG) prepared from spent brewer’s yeast on gelatinization and retrogradation of rice starch (RS) were investigated as functions of mixing ratio and of storage time. Results of rapid visco-analysis (RVA) indicated that addition of BG increased the peak, breakdown, setback, and final viscosities, but decreased the pasting temperatures of the rice starch/β-glucan (RS/BG) mixtures. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) data demonstrated an increase in onset (T_o), peak (T_p), and conclusion (T_c) temperatures and a decrease in gelatinization enthalpy (ΔH₁) with increasing BG concentration. Storage of the mixed gels at 4 °C resulted in a decrease in T_o, T_p, T_c, and melting enthalpy (ΔH₂). The retrogradation ratio (ΔH₂/ΔH₁) and the phase transition temperature range (T_c − T_o) of the mixed gels increased with storage time, but this effect was reduced by the addition of BG. BG addition also slowed the syneresis of the mixed gels. Results of dynamic viscoelasticity measurement indicated that the addition of BG promoted RS retrogradation at the beginning and then retarded it during longer storage times. The added BG also retarded the development of gel hardness during refrigerated storage of the RS/BG mixed gels.